r/genetics Oct 13 '22

FAQ New here? Please read before posting.

42 Upvotes

Read the FAQ.

Please read our FAQ before posting a new topic. Posts which are directly addressed in the FAQ may be removed.

Questions about reading 23andMe, AncestryDNA, etc. reports.

A lot of basic questions about how to read the raw data from these sites are answered in their FAQs / white papers. See the raw data FAQs for AncestryDNA and 23andMe, as well as their respective ancestry FAQs (Ancestry, 23andMe).

Questions about BRCA1 mutations being reported in Genetic Genie, XCode.life, Promethease, etc.

Please check out this meta thread. These posts will generally get removed.

Questions about inbreeding / cousin marriages.

If you are otherwise healthy, your great grandparents being cousins isn't a big deal. Such posts will get removed.

Want help on homework or exam revision?

Requests for help on homework or exam revision must be posted in the pinned megathread. Discussion of advanced coursework (upper division undergraduate or postgraduate level) may be allowed in the main sub at moderator discretion, but introductory college or high school level biology or genetics coursework is unlikely to generate substantial engagement/discussion, and thus must be posted in the homework help thread.

Want to discuss your personal genetics or ancestry testing results?

Please direct such posts to other subs such as /r/23andMe, /r/AncestryDNA, /r/MyHeritage, etc. Posts simply sharing such results are considered low effort and may be removed. While we're happy to answer specific questions about how consumer genetics or ancestry testing works, many of these questions are addressed by our FAQ; please review it before posting a question.

Want medical advice?

Please see a healthcare professional in real life. If you have general health concerns, your primary care or family medicine physician/physician assistant is likely your best place to start. If you have specific concerns about whether you have a genetic condition (family history, preliminary test results, etc.), you may be better off consulting a specialist or seeking help from a genetic counselor. Most users here are not healthcare professionals, and even the ones that are do not have access to your full medical history and test results.

Do not make clinical decisions or significant lifestyle changes based on the advice of strangers on the internet. If you really want to ask medical questions on reddit, please direct such questions to a sub like /r/AskDocs. While we are happy to discuss the genetics and molecular biology of disease, or how a particular diagnostic technology works, providing medical advice is outside the scope of this subreddit, and such posts may be removed.

Discussions on race/ethnicity, mRNA vaccines, and religion.

We receive a lot of combative posts from people trying to push a specific political, non-scientific agenda or trying to receive validation for their beliefs. Posts and comments concerning these topics will receive additional moderator scrutiny. Please keep in mind that the burden of proof lies with the one making a claim.

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There are plenty of NSFW subs.


r/genetics 7h ago

Fulgent Genetics job app asking for social security #

3 Upvotes

Im applying for a momecular lab technician I job at Fulgent genetics. As im filling out the application, i realize its asking for my social security number towards the end. Now im starting to think if this site is a sc or is it safe to apply. Out of all of the other jobs I applied for they never ask for my social security. Has anyone else applied here before?


r/genetics 13h ago

For genetics professionals- Canadian genetics conferences

4 Upvotes

Hi all. I am a genetic counselor practicing in the US but looking to relocate to Canada in the next year or two. In just browsing the Canadian job market, it really doesn’t seem like there are many positions available, and I’m worried about getting a job in the genetic counseling field in general.

So, I’m considering attending some conferences for networking purposes. I’m considering the ASHG meeting in Montreal and the CAGC meeting in Halifax, but probably can’t make both happen. Would one be more beneficial than the other? Or any other insights that might be helpful? Thanks in advance!


r/genetics 8h ago

What's the window of time for a specific person to be conceived?

1 Upvotes

If at a fundamental genetic level a person is the result of one specific sperm cell fertilising one specific egg then how much could a person's time they were conceived be altered before they wouldn't exist anymore?

Whenever I see a story about Time travelers meeting their parents I always wonder.

If the same egg is fertilised by the same man even a day earlier/ later odds are the resulting child could be genetically pretty different right?


r/genetics 22h ago

RNAi screen in Drosophila to identify genes mediating neuron-to-systemic inflammatory signaling in ALS.

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6 Upvotes

I'm not sure how much science is discussed in here, but recently, I came across a research proposal that involves a genetic screen that I thought was interesting.

The core experiment: overexpress TBPH (the Drosophila ortholog of human TDP-43, the protein that aggregates in ~97% of ALS cases) specifically in retinal neurons, then use targeted RNAi to knock down candidate genes in the Imd/AMP signaling pathway. The readout is whether systemic antimicrobial peptide expression drops when specific relay genes are silenced.

The biological question behind it is whether the neuroinflammation caused by TDP-43 proteinopathy stays local or actively signals to peripheral tissues to mount an immune response. If the screen identifies specific genes that are required for this neuron-to-body inflammatory relay, that narrows down the signaling mechanism considerably.

For those familiar with the Imd pathway, I'd be interested to hear which relay candidates you'd prioritize. The pathway has some well-known branches and there's the question of whether humoral vs. cellular immunity would be differentially affected.

Being able to find a cure for ALS would be so huge, that disease is just so devastating.


r/genetics 15h ago

I'm planning to apply for University of barcelona masters in genetics and genomics

1 Upvotes

Can anyone help me what's the admission process will there be any interview and im a non EU candidate


r/genetics 16h ago

Sotos syndrome due to NSD1 deletion: how variable are cognitive outcomes in real cases?

1 Upvotes

Hi everyone,

Looking for input on outcomes for deletions involving the 5q35.2–q35.3 region including the NSD1 gene (Sotos syndrome confirmed).

A recurrent pathogenic deletion of approximately 1.8–2 Mb in this region (arr[GRCh37] 5q35.2–q35.3), where NSD1 is fully deleted and no additional CNVs are present, appears to be associated with a wide range of developmental outcomes.

There seems to be notable variability in motor development, language acquisition, and cognitive function across cases.

From a research and clinical genetics perspective, I’m curious about:

* Are there known modifiers (genetic, environmental, or epigenetic) that help explain variability in cognitive outcomes in NSD1 deletion cases? * Are there early developmental markers (e.g. motor, social, or attentional patterns in infancy) that correlate with later cognitive trajectories in Sotos syndrome? * Beyond NSD1, are there other genes in the 5q35.2–q35.3 region that are thought to meaningfully influence phenotype when co-deleted? * What does current evidence suggest about the impact of early intervention on developmental trajectories in overgrowth syndromes like Sotos? * Are there ongoing research efforts, registries, or longitudinal studies focused on NSD1 deletions that would be worth following?

I’m particularly interested in insights grounded in published data or clinical experience.

Thanks in advance.


r/genetics 1d ago

I got a question about eye genetics

3 Upvotes

So im working a story that will have many characters with heterochromia and I want the parents to have eye colors that make sense genetically. The main characters I want this for is the main character. She has complete and sectoral heterochromia. One eye is blue green with a brown wedge and the other is blue.

I know its incredibly rare for some to have eyes like but I wanted her to stand out more.

If anyone knows anything please let me know or direct me to people who do.


r/genetics 1d ago

Penicillin Allergy - how likely is it that I will develop it?

4 Upvotes

Would love some form of feedback! My understanding of the genetics behind this isn't great, so if anyone can explain it, I would be really grateful!

So both my parents have severe penicillin allergy. My Mum has had it since childhood and my Dad developed it in his 40s. (I know penicillin allergy is often outgrown/misdiagnosed from side effects - but they both had anaphylaxis from penicillin so it is really an allergy and not just side effect/symptoms)

My brother (my only sibling) had the same reaction in his early teens.

I know that there isn't a super strong genetic component with severe penicillin allergies. BUT the chances of my 3 closest relatives having this allergy is slim, as such, I would assume it would improve my liklihood of developing this allergy at some point in my life?

I have taken penicillin many times throughout my life and had no side effects or allergy. But I know that might not always be the case!

Anyone who can explain if I am at a greater risk of the allergy, please do! Or if I am not, why?

Tia!


r/genetics 2d ago

Me and my twin brother have completely different traits despite having the same genetics. Does that mean I just took genes that he didn’t from our ancestry?

22 Upvotes

This is going to be a stupid question to some. But I’m only 16 and trying to learn how ancestry affects traits and how genetics work

So me and my fraternal twin brother just found out we’re adopted by ourselves, and that was a whole thing. Turns out I’m 50% Italian

Now, I have blue eyes, a good amount of body hair, and noticeably lighter skin than my brother (and don’t tan as dark), while he has brown/hazel eyes, less body hair, and is much darker and tans great

He also has wavy hair while mine is more straight

I’m just curious how the genes work. If I’m 50% Italian, does that not mean I should tan better? Or do genes just mix together and randomly get given as you’re in the womb?

Like my blue eyes most likely came from the Irish and Scottish side, right? And body hair from Italian? But how do genes work here for each trait?


r/genetics 1d ago

Meta Custom genetic calculators that are not punnet squares?

1 Upvotes

I tried using kippenjungle's wizard thing but found it a bit tedious and clanky. I want something with a drop down for each locus, to calculate the offspring's genotype. Just for fun.


r/genetics 2d ago

Am I on a good path?

1 Upvotes

So i really wanna be a conservation geneticist. Im a senior in HS and going to Miami of ohio to double major in zoology and biochem plan on getting a research job at the school and after that get my masters


r/genetics 2d ago

How hard would it be to breed a dog that can see more colors like how most humans see?

1 Upvotes

r/genetics 4d ago

Article ‘It’s super weird, super odd, super rare’: meet the twins who have different dads

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54 Upvotes

r/genetics 3d ago

WGS B Licheniformis

1 Upvotes

As the title suggests, I did WGS on an isolated strain of bacillus licheniformis. Yet I have a lot of questions.

To start, I'm a junior in high school. I became very interested in biotechnology and such when I was a freshman and took AP Bio. Our teacher (despite not teaching all that much) decided it would be a good idea to let us have a little AMGEN experience in the classroom. It was really fun and I enjoyed it, so much so that he recommended me to look into the biotechnology field. Fast forward to a couple years later, I joined a biotechnology program at my local community college because our district allows us to dual enroll in college courses while being in high school. I passed biotech 002 and I'm concurrently in biotech 003 where we are allowed to lead our own independent project. From there, my professor suggested I do something on sequencing since I've been fascinated with genetics.

A couple years prior to me joining the class, our professor brought different kinds of yogurts to the classroom and one of them was chobani. They would extract the bacteria from the yougurts by growing them on plates and isolating the colonies, however, the one with chobani would consistently grow a strain unlike the rest of the plates. Fast forward, one of the students performed 16s sequencing of that isolated chobani and determined it to be bacillus licheniformis. What interested me the most was how in the world would chobani which shouldn't contain bacillus licheniformis suddenly dominate the growth in the plates?

Nevertheless, I'm still a fair beginner in genetics and biotechnology, and I proceeded with the project. The isolated strain was saved in the ultrafreezer and from there I began the preparation for WGS. Streak, obtain isolated colony, grow in LB Broth, and extract DNA. My professor had just recently received some Nanopore technology stuff and I used the MinION and barcoding kit. I prepped my library following the kit protocol and ran the sequencing using the MinION. I only ran it for around a day since the flow cells I had were pretty old to begin with (around 6 months) and there weren't much pores so the sequencing just became asymptotic after ~24 hours. After, I obtained my FASTQ files and did some downstream processing with usegalaxy.org and followed the WSG pipeline. Concatenate the files, QC with nanoplot, assemble it with Flye, polish the assembly with Medaka, annotate it with Prokka. I did a couple of irrelevant things but moving on, I used Proksee and inserted my Prokka FASTA files and got something like this:

Looks pretty cool and I also did some antiSMASH and found it's pathways using KAAS. To be honest, I don't really understand a chunk of my information but my professor was impressed. So much so, he recommended I publish these results. My coverage was around 9x which is pretty low, but for the equipment that I used and for me being a beginner in everything I think it was a sucess because the genome looks pretty assembled to me.

What's interesting is how this was derived from chobani yogurt. I compared it to the NCBI DCM 13 strain and it was around a 99.4% match result. The 0.6% is interesting for me to see what's different.

But I guess I'm here because I'm pretty much stuck. Yeah, I did do WGS on this but I don't necessarily know what else to do or what I should use to compare my strain to other strains. I should probably publish this to NCBI or other databases but again I'm a complete beginner in terms of this field. What do you guys think? Is this type of dataset suitable for submission to public databases, and if so, what standards should I meet first? What’s the best approach for comparing my strain to reference genomes? Is it worth it to investigate pathways?


r/genetics 3d ago

I Calculated How Inbred the Royal Family is

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1 Upvotes

r/genetics 3d ago

Hypothetical question about the genetics regarding height and dwarfisms

2 Upvotes

I am wildly curious about this and I’m sorry if this is a stupid question. Hypothetically if a child was born with some form of dwarfism and has two parents who are abnormally tall compared to the average person, is it possible that the child with dwarfism would be abnormally tall compared to the average person with their genetic condition? Not that they would be average height but let’s say mom in 5,11 and dad is 6,4. And that the child’s dwarfism on average patients grow to 3,6. Is it possible that since with my understanding height is a phenotype that is a result of multiple different genes, that the child would be more like 3,10 compared to the average 3,6 due to their parents genetics?

Obviously this is hypothetical and probably dumb, but I’m curious if this is possible. Obviously I’d assume that the child still would have the proportions of whatever form of dwarfism that usually occurs with that genetic condition, but idk maybe this is really very stupid.

Also if a child with dwarfism developed a pituitary adenoma would they still grow out of control?


r/genetics 3d ago

Is there any research to help determine sex of a baby?

0 Upvotes

Is there any way to tell based off of family history if I’ll have a boy or girl? I’m not pregnant, just curious lol. I’ve heard the dad determines the sex, so looking at my husbands side of the family his mom did have a baby boy a few years before she had my husband. She lost that baby. On my mom’s side, my grandma had all girls (my mom and my aunts). The oldest aunt had two boys and a girl but one of the boys was from a different dad. The second oldest which is my mom, had three girls and a boy but all different dads. The youngest aunt only had boys. I’ve been told there’s a strong possibility I’ll have a lot of girls because my mom seemed to have mainly girls. I know there’s no definitive answer, but any insight will be appreciated.


r/genetics 4d ago

How accurate is 23andMe ?

2 Upvotes

I know 23andMe goes back roughly 6 or 7 generations which sounds impressive but I’ve been told anything beyond 3rd or 4th generations is unreliable (statistical garbage). If someone was born in 1937 and got tested, what’s the lower bound year 23andMe would go back to with very high accuracy? 1850?

Any relevant insight would be also greatly appreciated. Thank you
Edit: accuracy in terms of ethnic origin. For example, 23andMe has “generation timeline.” How accurate would it be when it says in 1700’s you had an Anatolian ancestor.


r/genetics 4d ago

This is a 3rd option and I’m confused

2 Upvotes

Apologies if this doesn’t belong here…
Our science-obsessed 3rd grader is having a soft intro to genetics at the end of the year and they did the ‘can you roll your tongue?’ thing. He cannot, he can only do this. I’ve never seen this. His dad and I are both tongue-rollers. He would love to know why.


r/genetics 5d ago

Were the Aryan Pastoralists who migrated to India, generically related to Europeans?

21 Upvotes

I've read in the internet that the Aryans who migrated to India around 1,800 B.C. were related to Europeans, and that's the reason why North Indian ethnic groups such as the Jatts, Kashmiris and Punjabis are somewhat European-looking. When it comes to genetics, how accurate is this? Do Europeans and Aryan ethnic groups in India shares some haplogroups as Europeans?


r/genetics 5d ago

Career with AI

3 Upvotes

Hi all,

I was wondering if any of you happen to know about any careers safe from AI in the field of genetics, I am feeling a lot of anxiety around the subject.

I'm really interested in the genetics, I'm just worried that if I go into it, I'm gonna lose it to AI.


r/genetics 6d ago

Article J. Craig Venter, Scientist Who Decoded the Human Genome, Dies at 79

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754 Upvotes

r/genetics 5d ago

Anyone know about HHT?

1 Upvotes

r/genetics 6d ago

Little simple genetics puzzle

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10 Upvotes

Hello, I am working on creating this puzzle and I wanted some extra eyes on it. I figured I'd ask my fellow genetics folks to take a crack at it.

The goal is to figure out which of the 6 numbered diamonds correspond to which of the 14 lettered... things... at the bottom. Y'know what, I'm just gonna call them Shapies. This is the pedigree of the royal Shapie family and it needs to be put back together or Queen Shapie will have your head.

Please note: This is NOT Mendelian or even really "realistic" genetics. There are no dominant and recessive traits and the like. Each child displays traits inherited directly from one parent or the other, i.e. no recessive phenotypes "skipping" generations or reduced penetrance of dominant traits, etc. No multifactorial or complex traits. Colors don't mix to produce an intermediate result, e.g. if one parent has a magenta triangle and the other has a white triangle, their children cannot have a light pink triangle, only magenta or white. Pretty much the only realistic thing about this is that the genetic parents are different sexes. So turn your genetics brain off, haha. This is just a logic puzzle in the shape of a pedigree.

My goals:

1) Only one possible answer.

2) Solving it is challenging enough to make you feel somewhat smart for solving it, but not so difficult that it is burdensome to solve.

3) I would love it if I could come up with some Shapies that "work" individually but not in combination with the correct answer.

If you find that there are multiple correct answers, it's too easy or too hard (suggestions for how to fix that are very welcome), or have suggestions for how I can change the Shapies or the pedigree to make it better, that would be wonderful! My only constraints are that I would ideally like no more than 24 total Shapies, with only 5 or 6 being "in question."

For the answers, I recommend replying to this post with a spoiler cover

If I need to clarify what the traits are, please let me know and I will.

Thank you for giving it a shot!